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Mechanism of action
SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide researched for cardiolipin interaction, mitochondrial membrane stabilization, oxidative-stress reduction, and cellular energy resilience.
Half-life & pharmacokinetics
Half-life: Short-to-moderate exposure; context dependent.
Human PK varies by formulation and study context. Operationally treated as a daily mitochondrial-support signal in research settings.
Research dosing reference
5-20 mg daily depending on mitochondrial research objective and tolerance.
Dose interpretation (U-100 units)
| Target dose | U-100 units |
|---|---|
| 5 mg | 100 units |
| 10 mg | 200 units |
| 20 mg | 400 units |
Units are concentration-specific - confirm against your actual reconstitution volume.
Reconstitution & concentration
| Vial | Preferred reconstitution | Final concentration |
|---|---|---|
| 10 mg | 2 mL BAC Water | 0.050 mg/unit |
| 50 mg | 3 mL BAC Water preferred for 50 mg vial; 2 mL acceptable for 10 mg vial | 0.167 mg/unit |
Injection timing
Often used earlier in the day; avoid late timing if it disrupts sleep or energy rhythm.
Beginner escalation
Begin conservatively, especially when combined with MOTS-C, NAD+, or other mitochondrial agents.
Side-effect mitigation
Monitor fatigue, headache, malaise, injection tolerance, or energy fluctuations.
Stack compatibility
Stacks conceptually with MOTS-C, NAD+, glutathione, and metabolic protocols; add one mitochondrial agent at a time when possible.
Storage & stability
Lyophilized: refrigerated or controlled cool storage. Reconstituted: refrigerated, protected from heat/light, and handled aseptically.
Protocol duration & reassessment
Mitochondrial protocols often run 4-12 weeks, followed by reassessment of fatigue, exercise tolerance, recovery, sleep, and energy consistency before continuing or repeating.
Frequently asked questions
What is SS-31 and how does it work?
SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide researched for cardiolipin interaction, mitochondrial membrane stabilization, oxidative-stress reduction, and cellular energy resilience.
What is the half-life of SS-31?
SS-31: Short-to-moderate exposure; context dependent. Human PK varies by formulation and study context. Operationally treated as a daily mitochondrial-support signal in research settings.
How is SS-31 reconstituted for research?
Preferred reconstitution for the 10 mg vial is 2 mL BAC Water, giving 0.050 mg/unit. Always confirm concentration math before any use. Research use only.
Is SS-31 FDA approved?
No. SS-31 is an investigational research-use-only compound - not for human or animal consumption and not FDA approved.
All research reference · Research guides
External references: Peptide (Wikipedia) · U.S. Food and Drug Administration