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Mechanism of action
LL-37 is an antimicrobial host-defense peptide researched for innate immune signaling, bacterial-membrane interaction, wound-healing biology, and inflammatory pathway modulation. It requires formulation caution due to sensitivity and irritation potential.
Half-life & pharmacokinetics
Half-life: Short acting.
Human pharmacokinetics are not standardized. Treat exposure as short acting unless compound-specific data or formal formulation labeling indicates otherwise.
Research dosing reference
50-400 mcg daily; conservative exposure preferred due to irritation potential.
Dose interpretation (U-100 units)
| Target dose | U-100 units |
|---|---|
| 50 mcg | 2 units |
| 100 mcg | 4 units |
| 400 mcg | 16 units |
Units are concentration-specific - confirm against your actual reconstitution volume.
Reconstitution & concentration
| Vial | Preferred reconstitution | Final concentration |
|---|---|---|
| 5 mg | 2 mL sterile AA water or DMSO-compatible solvent depending on formulation; verify compatibility | 0.025 mg/unit |
Injection timing
Daily or protocol-specific timing; first exposures should be conservative and monitored closely for irritation.
Beginner escalation
Start very low and increase only if local and systemic tolerance are acceptable.
Side-effect mitigation
Injection irritation, burning, flushing, inflammatory response, or fatigue may occur. Site rotation and compatible solvent selection matter.
Stack compatibility
Use caution stacking with immune-active peptides. Pairing should be intentionally structured and not simultaneous with multiple new immune modulators.
Storage & stability
Use solvent appropriate to formulation. Refrigerate after reconstitution, protect from heat/light, and avoid repeated temperature cycling.
Protocol duration & reassessment
Short-course, tightly controlled protocols are preferred. Reassess immune/inflammatory response before repeating or extending, especially with irritating or immune-active peptides.
Frequently asked questions
What is LL-37 and how does it work?
LL-37 is an antimicrobial host-defense peptide researched for innate immune signaling, bacterial-membrane interaction, wound-healing biology, and inflammatory pathway modulation. It requires formulation caution due to sensitivity and irritation potential.
What is the half-life of LL-37?
LL-37: Short acting. Human pharmacokinetics are not standardized. Treat exposure as short acting unless compound-specific data or formal formulation labeling indicates otherwise.
How is LL-37 reconstituted for research?
Preferred reconstitution for the 5 mg vial is 2 mL sterile AA water or DMSO-compatible solvent depending on formulation; verify compatibility, giving 0.025 mg/unit. Always confirm concentration math before any use. Research use only.
Is LL-37 FDA approved?
No. LL-37 is an investigational research-use-only compound - not for human or animal consumption and not FDA approved.
All research reference · Research guides
External references: Peptide (Wikipedia) · U.S. Food and Drug Administration